z.df_scan() 12 15 14 11 10 5 14 summary(z.df) y_rnorm(20,5,7) y t.test(y,mu=5) pbinom(0,10,1/2) pbinom(1,10,1/2) pbinom(5,10,1/2) pbinom(10,10,1/2) dbinom(10,10,1/2) dbinom(1,10,1/2) qbinom(0.05,10,1/2) pbinom(2,10,1/2) qbinom(0.10,10,1/2) x_rnorm(20,6.1,3) x summary(x) var(x) y_rep(0,20) y for (m in 1:20){ if (x[m]<6.2) y[m]_1} y sum(y) qbinom(0.90,20,1/2) x x-6.2 abs(x-6.2) sort(abs(x-6.2)) x_rnorm(6,6.2,3) x x-6.2 abs(x-6.2) sort(abs(x-6.2)) sign(x-6.2) rank(abs(x-6.2)) sign(x-6.2)*rank(abs(x-6.2)) wilcox.test(x) wilcox.test(x,mu=6.2) sum(sign(x-6.2)*rank(abs(x-6.2))) x_rnorm(60,6.2,3) wilcox.test(x,mu=6.2) sum(sign(x-6.2)*rank(abs(x-6.2)))/sqrt(60*61*121/6) x_rnorm(30,6.2,3) wilcox.test(x,mu=6.2) x_rnorm(20,6.2,3) wilcox.test(x,mu=6.2) x_rnorm(30,6.2,3) y_rnorm(30,6.2,3) wilcox.test(x,y)